Netherlands

The Dutch banking system is highly concentrated. The five largest credit institutions held 81.3% of sector assets in 2025, according to ECB structural indicators, and three groups dominate: ING, the cooperative Rabobank and ABN AMRO. The ECB lists 86 credit institutions, and branches of banks from other EU member states numbered 45 in 2025 with €196.8bn of assets. Below the big three sit ASN Bank, formerly de Volksbank, with €76.7bn of assets, and public-sector lenders such as NWB Bank, which finances water authorities and housing associations.